载人月面着陆及起飞技术初步研究

载人登月任务中最具特色的就是载人月面着陆及起飞过程,其技术体系丰富,是影响载人登月任务成败的关键环节。文章详细分析了载人月面着陆及起飞阶段的飞行方案,阐述了载人任务与无人任务设计准则上的区别,剖析了载人月面着陆及起飞技术的内涵。此外重点分析了低温推进剂蒸发量控制技术、10∶1深度变推力液体发动机技术、发动机推力矢量控制技术、大承载着陆缓冲技术、发动机羽流导流与防护技术、月尘清除及防护技术等六项与载人登月舱推进系统和结构系统相关的关键技术,分析提出了相应的技术途径和解决方案,对深入认识载人登月飞行器系统的技术体系及技术难度具有重要意义。     

Morphological Structure and Chemical Composition of Cometary Nuclei and Dust

The chemical composition of comet nuclei derived from current data on interstellar dust ingredients and comet dust and coma molecules are shown to be substantially consistent with each other in both refractory and volatile components. When limited by relative cosmic abundances the water in comet nuclei is constrained to be close to 30% by mass and the refractory to volatile ratio is close to 1:1. The morphological structure of comet nuclei, as deduced from comet dust infrared continuum and spectral emission properties, is described by a fluffy (porous) aggregate of tenth micron silicate core-organic refractory mantle particle on which outer mantles of predominantly H₂O ices contain embedded carbonaceous and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) type particles of size in the of 1 - 10nm range. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

封闭圆柱形粉尘爆炸罐内扬尘诱导湍流特性的确定

采用热线风速仪和系综平均法测定和研究了封闭圆柱形粉尘爆炸罐内扬尘湍流的瞬态特性，并与球形爆炸容器内已测定的扬尘湍流瞬态特性进行了比较，对系综平均法用于扬尘湍流的测量误差与测量次数的关系进行了探讨。     

粉尘爆炸与爆炸危险度评价

分析了粉尘爆炸的分类、条件、特性、因素、爆炸极限和最小点火能,重点介绍了粉尘爆炸的机理。在此基础上,采用Fuzzy评价的方法,建立了发生粉尘爆炸的危险度评价模型。     

GEMS at the Galactic Cosmic-Ray Source

Galactic cosmic rays probably predominantly originate from shock-accelerated gas and dust in superbubbles. It is usually assumed that the shock-accelerated dust is quickly destroyed by sputtering. However, it may be that some of the dust can survive bombardment by the high-metallicity gas in the superbubble interior, and that some of that dust has been incorporated into solar system materials. Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) contain enigmatic submicron components called GEMS (Glass with Embedded Metal and Sulfides). These GEMS have properties that closely match those expected of a population of surviving shock-accelerated dust at the GCR source (Westphal and Bradley in Astrophys. J. 617:1131, 2004). In order to test the hypothesis that GEMS are synthesized from shock-accelerated dust in superbubbles, we plan to measure the relative abundances of Fe, Zr, and Mo isotopes in GEMS using the new Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometer at Argonne National Laboratory. If GEMS are synthesized from shock-accelerated dust in superbubbles, they should exhibit isotopic anomalies in Fe, Zr and Mo: specificially, enhancements in the r-only isotopes ⁹⁶Zr and ¹⁰⁰Mo, and separately in ⁵⁸Fe, should be observed. We review also recent developments in observations of GEMS, laboratory synthesis of GEMS-like materials, and implications of observations of GEMS-like materials in Stardust samples.     

Spatial distribution and orbital properties of interplanetary dust at high latitudes

Although the interplanetary dust cloud is assumed to be mainly concentrated in the ecliptic plane, there is a component of dust particles on highly inclined orbits that forms the out-of-ecliptic distribution. The ULYSSES mission for the first time makes this component accessible to in-situ, detection. Evidence for this dust component is also provided from the analysis of the Zodiacal light brightness and especially from the spherical shape of the solar F — corona. An obvious source for an out-of-ecliptic dust population is the activity of comets on high eccentric, highly inclined orbits. We discuss the dynamical conditions of particles under the influence of the radiation pressure when released from the comet and discuss their input to the dust cloud based on brightness analysis and in-situ results.     

聚碳硅烷PC-P不熔化纤维的热解过程

聚碳硅烷PC—P是制备力学性能优异的低电阻率碳化硅纤维的先驱体。利用IR、TG、凝胶含量分析等手段研究了聚碳硅烷PC—P不熔化纤维的热解过程。研究表明，聚碳硅烷PC—P不熔化纤维高温热解过程与PCS不熔化纤维类似，但在300℃左右存在明显的自交联现象，使PC—P不熔化纤维的凝胶含量迅速增加，这是PC—P纤维在不熔化程度较低情况下能够通过高温烧成的原因。     

聚二甲基硅烷高压合成聚碳硅烷的组成、结构及性能表征

以聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)为原料，在高压釜内反应制备了聚碳硅烷(PCS)先驱体，并以软化点、元素分析、IR、GPC、NMR、TG-DTG-DTA、XRD等方法对其组成、结构及性能进行了表征，推测了PCS的大致结构模型。研究表明：PCS数均分子量约1590，实验式为SiC1．87H7．13O0．03，PCS分子包含Si-CH3、Si-CH2-Si、Si-H组成的SiC4、SiC3H等结构单元，由NMR知其C-H／Si-H值为8．84，SiC3H／SiC4为0．51。热分析表明，在N2气氛中1200℃裂解后，陶瓷收率为78．9％。XRD分析表明，在N2中1250℃裂解后转化为β-SiC，晶粒尺寸约3．75nm。     

燃气发生器旋风式过滤器除尘效率数值模拟

旋风式燃气过滤器是一种对燃气发生器产生的燃气进行过滤的装置 ,入口倾角和燃气温度的变化都会对其内部流动状况和除尘效率产生影响。用SIMPLE算法和IPSA算法对旋风过滤器内的三维两相流场进行了数值模拟。通过计算发现 ,对于所研究的过滤器 ,最佳入口倾角为 10°左右 ,而温度变化会引起流动状况和除尘效率的较大改变。     

二乙烯基苯/聚碳硅烷的配比与交联研究

以二乙烯基苯(DVB)为交联剂，通过改变其与先驱体聚碳硅烷(PCS)的配比，研究了PCS体系的交联性质。结果表明：DVB在该体系中具有交联剂和溶剂双重作用，降低DVB的配比，可以提高陶瓷产率，DVB的配比以0．4为宜；为减少体系中的DVB，添加了PCS的良性溶剂四氢呋喃，使陶瓷产率达到了76％。结构研究还发现，该体系交联反应主要以DVB自交联形式进行，DVB与PCS之间的硅氢化反应不明显。